TY - JOUR
T1 - Biological Oxygen-dosed Activated Carbon (BODAC) filters – A bioprocess for ultrapure water production removing organics, nutrients and micropollutants
AU - Bernadet, Olga
AU - Larasati, Amanda
AU - van Veelen, H. Pieter J.
AU - Euverink, Gert Jan Willem
AU - Gagliano, Maria Cristina
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the cooperation framework of Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology ( www.wetsus.eu ) and the members of Advanced Water Treatment Theme. Wetsus is co-funded by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment , the European Union Regional Development Fund , the Province of Fryslan and the Northern Netherlands Provinces . The authors thank Gerrit Veenendaal for his shared knowledge about BODAC, and Bennie Bakker and Eran Amar for their help during the 2-year sampling campaign and for their shared knowledge about BODAC operation. We also thank the analytical team at Wetsus, especially Mieke Kersaan-Haan for her valuable help during LC–MS/MS measurement, Rudmer Bakker for the DNA extractions, and Bert Geurkink for his help during processing of the NGS raw data. We also thank the members of Advanced Water Treatment Theme for the shared knowledge and financial support.
Funding Information:
This work was supported by the cooperation framework of Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology (www.wetsus.eu) and the members of Advanced Water Treatment Theme. Wetsus is co-funded by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment, the European Union Regional Development Fund, the Province of Fryslan and the Northern Netherlands Provinces. The authors thank Gerrit Veenendaal for his shared knowledge about BODAC, and Bennie Bakker and Eran Amar for their help during the 2-year sampling campaign and for their shared knowledge about BODAC operation. We also thank the analytical team at Wetsus, especially Mieke Kersaan-Haan for her valuable help during LC–MS/MS measurement, Rudmer Bakker for the DNA extractions, and Bert Geurkink for his help during processing of the NGS raw data. We also thank the members of Advanced Water Treatment Theme for the shared knowledge and financial support.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 The Authors
PY - 2023/9/15
Y1 - 2023/9/15
N2 - Biological oxygen-dosed activated carbon (BODAC) filters in an Ultrapure water plant were demonstrated to have the potential to further treat secondary wastewater treatment effluent. The BODAC filters were operated for 11 years without carbon regeneration or replacement, while still functioning as pre-treatment step to reverse osmosis (RO) membranes by actively removing organic micropollutants (OMPs) and foulants. In this study, the removal of nutrients and 13 OMPs from secondary wastewater treatment effluent was investigated for 2 years and simultaneously, the granules’ characterization and microbial community analysis were conducted to gain insights behind the stable long-term operation of the BODAC filters. The results showed that the BODAC granules' surface area was reduced by ∼70 % of what is in virgin carbon granules and covered by biofilm and inorganic depositions. The BODAC filters reduced the concentration of soluble organics, mainly proteins, performed as an effective nitrification system, and almost completely removed manganese. During the 2 years of observation, the filters consistently removed some OMPs such as hydrochlorothiazide, metoprolol, sotalol, and trimethoprim by at least 70 %. Finally, through microbial community analysis, we found that nitrifying and manganese-oxidizing bacteria were detected in high relative abundance on BODAC granules, supporting BODAC performance in removing OMPs and manganese as well as converting nitrogenous species in the water.
AB - Biological oxygen-dosed activated carbon (BODAC) filters in an Ultrapure water plant were demonstrated to have the potential to further treat secondary wastewater treatment effluent. The BODAC filters were operated for 11 years without carbon regeneration or replacement, while still functioning as pre-treatment step to reverse osmosis (RO) membranes by actively removing organic micropollutants (OMPs) and foulants. In this study, the removal of nutrients and 13 OMPs from secondary wastewater treatment effluent was investigated for 2 years and simultaneously, the granules’ characterization and microbial community analysis were conducted to gain insights behind the stable long-term operation of the BODAC filters. The results showed that the BODAC granules' surface area was reduced by ∼70 % of what is in virgin carbon granules and covered by biofilm and inorganic depositions. The BODAC filters reduced the concentration of soluble organics, mainly proteins, performed as an effective nitrification system, and almost completely removed manganese. During the 2 years of observation, the filters consistently removed some OMPs such as hydrochlorothiazide, metoprolol, sotalol, and trimethoprim by at least 70 %. Finally, through microbial community analysis, we found that nitrifying and manganese-oxidizing bacteria were detected in high relative abundance on BODAC granules, supporting BODAC performance in removing OMPs and manganese as well as converting nitrogenous species in the water.
KW - Biofilms
KW - Biological activated carbon
KW - Manganese removal
KW - Nitrification
KW - Organic micropollutants
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85162968672&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131882
DO - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131882
M3 - Article
C2 - 37356180
AN - SCOPUS:85162968672
SN - 0304-3894
VL - 458
JO - Journal of hazardous materials
JF - Journal of hazardous materials
M1 - 131882
ER -