Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a central role in the adaptive immune system and provides a good model with which to understand the evolutionary processes underlying functional genes. Trans-species polymorphism and orthology are both commonly found in MHC genes; however, mammalian MHC class I genes tend to cluster by species. Concerted evolution has the potential to homogenize different loci, whereas birth-and-death evolution can lead to the loss of orthologs; both processes result in monophyletic groups within species. Studies investigating the evolution of MHC class I genes have been biased toward a few particular taxa and model species. We present the first study of MHC class I genes in a species from the superfamily Musteloidea. The European badger (Meles meles) exhibits moderate variation in MHC class I sequences when compared to other carnivores. We identified seven putatively functional sequences and nine pseudogenes from genomic (gDNA) and complementary (cDNA) DNA, signifying at least two functional class I loci. We found evidence for separate evolutionary histories of the alpha 1 and alpha 2/alpha 3 domains. In the alpha 1 domain, several sequences from different species were more closely related to each other than to sequences from the same species, resembling orthology or trans-species polymorphism. Balancing selection and probable recombination maintain genetic diversity in the alpha 1 domain, evidenced by the detection of positive selection and a recombination event. By comparison, two recombination breakpoints indicate that the alpha 2/alpha 3 domains have most likely undergone concerted evolution, where recombination has homogenized the alpha 2/alpha 3 domains between genes, leading to species-specific clusters of sequences. Our findings highlight the importance of analyzing MHC domains separately.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 1644-1662 |
Number of pages | 19 |
Journal | Ecology and Evolution |
Volume | 2 |
Issue number | 7 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - Jul-2012 |
Keywords
- Balancing selection
- birth-and-death evolution
- concerted evolution
- major histocompatibility complex
- orthology
- trans-species polymorphism
- MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
- AMINO-ACID SITES
- MYCOBACTERIUM-BOVIS
- EURASIAN BADGERS
- TRANSSPECIES POLYMORPHISM
- MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY
- CONCERTED EVOLUTION
- POPULATION-DYNAMICS
- CARNIVORA MAMMALIA
- POSITIVE SELECTION