High-resolution structure of the phosphorylated form of the histidine-containing phosphocarrier protein HPR from Escherichia coli determined by restrained molecular dynamics from NMR-NOE data

The solution structure of the phosphorylated form of the histidine-containing phosphocarrier protein, HPr, from Escherichia coli has been determined by NMR in combination with restrained molecular dynamics simulations. The structure of phospho-HPr (P-HPr) results from a molecular dynamics simulation in water, using time-dependent distance restraints to attain agreement with the measured NOEs. Experimental restraints were identified from both three-dimensional H-1-H-1-N-15 HSQC-NOESY and two-dimensional H-1-(1)HNOESY spectra, and compared with those of the unphosphorylated form. Structural changes upon phosphorylation of HPr are Limited to the active site, as evidenced by changes in chemical shifts, in (3)J(NHH alpha)-coupling constants and NOE patterns. Chemical shift changes were obtained mainly for protons that were positioned close to the phosphoryl group attached to the Hisl5 imidazole ring. Differences could be detected in the intensity of the NOEs involving the side-chain protons of Hisl5 and Pro18, resulting from a change in the relative position of the two rings. In addition, a small change could be detected in the three-bond T-coupling between the amide proton and the H-alpha proton of Thr16 and Arg17 upon phosphorylation, in agreement with the changes of the phi torsion angle of these two residues obtained from time-averaged restrained molecular dynamics simulations in water. The proposed role of the torsion-angle strain at residue 16 in the mechanism of Streptococcus faecalis HPr is not supported by these results. In contrast, phosphorylation seems to introduce torsion angle strain at residue Hisl5. This strain could facilitate the transfer of the phosphoryl group to the A-domain at enzyme II. The phospho-histidine is not stabilised by hydrogen bends to the side-chain group of Argl7; instead stable hydrogen bonds are formed between the phosphate group and the backbone amide.protons of ThrlG and Argl7, which show the largest changes in chemical shift up on phosphorylation, and a hydrogen bond involving the side-chain O-y proton of Thr16.

HPr accepts the phosphoryl group from enzyme I and donates it subsequently to the A domain of various enzyme II species. The binding site for EI on HPr resembles that of the A domain of the mannitol-specific enzyme II, as canb e concludedfrom the changes onthe amideprotonandnitrogenchemical shifts observed via heteromolecular single-quantum coherence spectroscopy.