Interregional multipliers: looking backward, looking forward

Backward linkages are usually measured using output multipliers as based on the input matrix. Similarly, value-added and import multipliers are derived by additionally using the corresponding primary input coefficients. For measuring forward linkages, input multipliers have been frequently used. Within a 'supply-driven' input-output model, these multipliers are obtained from the output matrix. The present paper extends this notion by taking into account also the final output coefficients. This yields consumption, export and investment multipliers. In an empirical analysis, multipliers are calculated for an intercountry input-output table of six European Union (EU) countries. The multipliers are decomposed into intracountry effects, intercountry spillover effects and intercountry feedback effects.