@article{8b1cb03f3bc94fe9b349f6e23a96c09a,
title = "JWST's PEARLS: A new lens model for ACT-CL J010-4915, {"}El Gordo{"} and the first red supergiant star at cosmological distances discovered by JWST",
abstract = "The first James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) data on the massive colliding cluster El Gordo allow for 23 known families of multiply lensed images to be confirmed and for eight new members of these families to be identified. Based on these families, which have been confirmed spectroscopically by MUSE, we derived an initial lens model. This model guided the identification of 37 additional families of multiply lensed galaxies, among which 28 are entirely new systems, and nine were previously known. The initial lens model determined geometric redshifts for the 37 new systems. The geometric redshifts agree reasonably well with spectroscopic or photometric redshifts when those are available. The geometric redshifts enable two additional models that include all 60 families of multiply lensed galaxies spanning a redshift range 2 < z < 6. The derived dark-matter distribution confirms the double-peak configuration of mass found by earlier work with the southern and northern clumps having similar masses. We confirm that El Gordo is the most massive known cluster at z > 0.8 and has an estimated virial mass close the maximum mass allowed by standard cosmological models. The JWST images also reveal the presence of small-mass perturbers that produce small lensing distortions. The smallest of these is consistent with being a dwarf galaxy at z = 0.87 and has an estimated mass of 3.8× 109 Mamiddot;, making it the smallest substructure found at z > 0.5. The JWST images also show several candidate caustic-crossing events. One of them is detected at high significance at the expected position of the critical curve and is likely a red supergiant star at z = 2.1878. This would be the first red supergiant found at cosmological distances. The cluster lensing should magnify background objects at z > 6, making more of them visible than in blank fields of a similar size, but there appears to be a deficiency of such objects.",
keywords = "Dark matter, Galaxies: clusters: individual: ACT-CL J0102-4915, Gravitational lensing: strong, Supergiants",
author = "Diego, {J. M.} and Meena, {A. K.} and Adams, {N. J.} and T. Broadhurst and L. Dai and D. Coe and B. Frye and P. Kelly and Koekemoer, {A. M.} and M. Pascale and Willner, {S. P.} and E. Zackrisson and A. Zitrin and Windhorst, {R. A.} and Cohen, {S. H.} and Jansen, {R. A.} and J. Summers and S. Tompkins and Conselice, {C. J.} and Driver, {S. P.} and H. Yan and N. Grogin and Marshall, {M. A.} and N. Pirzkal and A. Robotham and Ryan, {R. E.} and Willmer, {C. N.A.} and Bradley, {L. D.} and G. Caminha and K. Caputi and T. Carleton and P. Kamieneski",
note = "Funding Information: The authors would like to thank Ignacio Gonzalez-Serrano, and Ignacio Negueruela for useful comments and discussion, and Wilfredo Villca for assisting with the Quechua translation and pronunciation. J.M.D. acknowledges the support of project PGC2018-101814-B-100 (MCIU/AEI/MINECO/FEDER, UE) Ministerio de Ciencia, Investigaci{\'o}n y Universidades. This project was funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci{\'o}n, Unidad de Excelencia Mar{\'i}a de Maeztu, ref. MDM-2017-0765. AZ and AKM acknowledge support by Grant No. 2020750 from the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF) and Grant No. 2109066 from the United States National Science Foundation (NSF), and by the Ministry of Science & Technology, Israel. RAW, SHC, and RAJ acknowledge support from NASA JWST Interdisciplinary Scientist grants NAG5-12460, NNX14AN10G and 80NSSC18K0200 from GSFC. EZ acknowledges funding from the Swedish National Space Agency. Work by CJC acknowledges support from the European Research Council (ERC) Advanced Investigator Grant EPOCHS (788113). LD acknowledges the research grant support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (Award Number FG-2021-16495). BLF thanks the Berkeley Center for Theoretical Physics for their hospitality during the writing of this paper. MAM acknowledges the support of a National Research Council of Canada Plaskett Fellowship, and the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D), through project number CE17010001. CNAW acknowledges funding from the JWST/NIRCam contract NASS-0215 to the University of Arizona. GBC acknowledges the Max Planck Society for financial support through the Max Planck Research Group for S. H. Suyu and the academic support from the German Centre for Cosmological Lensing. The authors would like to thank the RELICS team for making the reduced data set available to the community. The scientific results reported in this article are based in part on data obtained from the Chandra Data Archive (ivo://ADS/Sa.CXO#obs/12258; ivo://ADS/Sa.CXO#obs/14022; ivo://ADS/Sa.CXO#obs/14023). This work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST. These observations are associated with JWST programs 1176 and 2738. We also acknowledge the indigenous peoples of Arizona, including the Akimel O{\textquoteright}odham (Pima) and Pee Posh (Maricopa) Indian Communities, whose care and keeping of the land has enabled us to be at ASU{\textquoteright}s Tempe campus in the Salt River Valley, where much of our work was conducted. Software: Astropy: http://www.astropy.org (Astropy Collaboration 2013, 2018); IDL Astronomy Library: https://idlastro.gsfc.nasa.gov (Landsman 1993); Photutils: https://photutils.readthedocs.io/en/stable/ (Bradley et al. 2020); ProFound: https://github.com/asgr/ProFound (Robotham et al. 2017, 2018); ProFit: https://github.com/ICRAR/ProFit (Robotham et al. 2018); SExtractor: SourceExtractor: https://www.astromatic.net/software/sextractor/ or https://sextractor.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ (Bertin & Arnouts 1996). We would also like to thank Harald Ebeling for making the code ASMOOTH (Ebeling et al. 2006) available. Facilities: Hubble and James Webb Space Telescope Mikulski Archive ( https://archive.stsci.edu ). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 The Authors.",
year = "2023",
month = apr,
doi = "10.1051/0004-6361/202245238",
language = "English",
volume = "672",
journal = "Astronomy and Astrophysics",
issn = "0004-6361",
publisher = " EDP Sciences",
}