Abstract
The KM3NeT Collaboration is currently constructing a multi-site high-energy neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea consisting of matrices of pressure-resistant glass spheres, each holding a set of 31 small-area photomultipliers. The main goals of the telescope are the observation of neutrino sources in the Universe and the measurement of the neutrino oscillation parameters with atmospheric neutrinos. A relative time synchronisation between photomultipliers of the nanosecond order needed to guarantee the required angular resolution of the detector. Due to the large detector volumes to be instrumented by KM3NeT, a cost reduction of the different systems is a priority. To this end, the inexpensive Nanobeacon has been designed and developed by the KM3NeT Collaboration to be used for detector time-calibration studies. At present, more than 600 Nanobeacons have been already produced. The characterisation of the optical pulse and the wavelength emission profile of the devices is critical for the time calibration. The optical pulse rise time has been quantified as less than 3 ns, while the Full Width Half Maximum is less than 6 ns. The wavelength drift, due to a variation of the supply voltage, has also been qualified as lower than 10 nm for the full range of the Nanobeacon. In this paper, more details about the main features of the Nanobeacon design, production and operation, together with the main properties of the light pulse generated are described.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 167132 |
| Number of pages | 13 |
| Journal | Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment |
| Volume | 1040 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 1-Oct-2022 |
Keywords
- Instrumentation
- Neutrino telescopes
- Time calibration
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- 10.1016/j.nima.2022.167132Licence: CC BY-NC
- Nanobeacon: A time calibration device for the KM3NeT neutrino telescopeFinal publisher's version, 3.42 MBLicence: CC BY-NC
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In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 1040, 167132, 01.10.2022.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review
TY - JOUR
T1 - Nanobeacon
T2 - A time calibration device for the KM3NeT neutrino telescope
AU - Aiello, S.
AU - Albert, A.
AU - Alshamsi, M.
AU - Garre, S. Alves
AU - Aly, Z.
AU - Ambrosone, A.
AU - Ameli, F.
AU - Andre, M.
AU - Androulakis, G.
AU - Anghinolfi, M.
AU - Anguita, M.
AU - Ardid, M.
AU - Ardid, S.
AU - Aublin, J.
AU - Bagatelas, C.
AU - Baret, B.
AU - du Pree, S. Basegmez
AU - Bendahman, M.
AU - Benfenati, F.
AU - Berbee, E.
AU - van den Berg, A. M.
AU - Bertin, V.
AU - Biagi, S.
AU - Boettcher, M.
AU - Cabo, M. Bou
AU - Boumaaza, J.
AU - Bouta, M.
AU - Bouwhuis, M.
AU - Bozza, C.
AU - Brânzaş, H.
AU - Bruijn, R.
AU - Brunner, J.
AU - Bruno, R.
AU - Buis, E.
AU - Buompane, R.
AU - Busto, J.
AU - Caiffi, B.
AU - Calvo, D.
AU - Campion, S.
AU - Capone, A.
AU - Carretero, V.
AU - Castaldi, P.
AU - Celli, S.
AU - Chabab, M.
AU - Chau, N.
AU - Chen, A.
AU - Cherubini, S.
AU - Chiarella, V.
AU - Chiarusi, T.
AU - Circella, M.
AU - Cocimano, R.
AU - Coelho, J. A.B.
AU - Coleiro, A.
AU - Molla, M. Colomer
AU - Coniglione, R.
AU - Coyle, P.
AU - Creusot, A.
AU - Cruz, A.
AU - Cuttone, G.
AU - Dallier, R.
AU - De Martino, B.
AU - Di Palma, I.
AU - Díaz, A. F.
AU - Diego-Tortosa, D.
AU - Distefano, C.
AU - Domi, A.
AU - Donzaud, C.
AU - Dornic, D.
AU - Dörr, M.
AU - Drouhin, D.
AU - Eberl, T.
AU - Eddyamoui, A.
AU - van Eeden, T.
AU - van Eijk, D.
AU - El Bojaddaini, I.
AU - El Hedri, S.
AU - Enzenhöfer, A.
AU - Espinosa, V.
AU - Fermani, P.
AU - Ferrara, G.
AU - Filipović, M. D.
AU - Filippini, F.
AU - Fusco, L. A.
AU - Gal, T.
AU - Méndez, J. García
AU - Garufi, F.
AU - Gatelet, Y.
AU - Oliver, C. Gatius
AU - Geißelbrecht, N.
AU - Gialanella, L.
AU - Giorgio, E.
AU - Gozzini, S. R.
AU - Gracia, R.
AU - Graf, K.
AU - Grella, G.
AU - Guderian, D.
AU - Guidi, C.
AU - Guillon, B.
AU - Gutiérrez, M.
AU - Haefner, J.
AU - Hallmann, S.
AU - Hamdaoui, H.
AU - van Haren, H.
AU - Heijboer, A.
AU - Hekalo, A.
AU - Hennig, L.
AU - Hernández-Rey, J. J.
AU - Hofestädt, J.
AU - Huang, F.
AU - Ibnsalih, W. Idrissi
AU - Illuminati, G.
AU - James, C. W.
AU - Janezashvili, D.
AU - de Jong, M.
AU - de Jong, P.
AU - Jung, B. J.
AU - Kalaczyński, P.
AU - Kalekin, O.
AU - Katz, U. F.
AU - Chowdhury, N. R.Khan
AU - Kistauri, G.
AU - van der Knaap, F.
AU - Kooijman, P.
AU - Kouchner, A.
AU - Kulikovskiy, V.
AU - Labalme, M.
AU - Lahmann, R.
AU - Lamoureux, M.
AU - Larosa, G.
AU - Lastoria, C.
AU - Lazo, A.
AU - Le Breton, R.
AU - Le Stum, S.
AU - Lehaut, G.
AU - Leonardi, O.
AU - Leone, F.
AU - Leonora, E.
AU - Lessing, N.
AU - Levi, G.
AU - Lincetto, M.
AU - Clark, M. Lindsey
AU - Lipreau, T.
AU - Alvarez, C. LLorens
AU - Longhitano, F.
AU - Lopez-Coto, D.
AU - Maderer, L.
AU - Majumdar, J.
AU - Mańczak, J.
AU - Margiotta, A.
AU - Marinelli, A.
AU - Markou, C.
AU - Martin, L.
AU - Martínez-Mora, J. A.
AU - Martini, A.
AU - Marzaioli, F.
AU - Mastroianni, S.
AU - Melis, K. W.
AU - Miele, G.
AU - Migliozzi, P.
AU - Migneco, E.
AU - Mijakowski, P.
AU - Miranda, L. S.
AU - Mollo, C. M.
AU - Moser, M.
AU - Moussa, A.
AU - Muller, R.
AU - Musumeci, M.
AU - Nauta, L.
AU - Navas, S.
AU - Nicolau, C. A.
AU - Nkosi, B.
AU - Fearraigh, B.
AU - O'Sullivan, M.
AU - Organokov, M.
AU - Orlando, A.
AU - González, J. Palacios
AU - Papalashvili, G.
AU - Papaleo, R.
AU - Păun, A. M.
AU - Păvălaş, G. E.
AU - Pellegrino, C.
AU - Perrin-Terrin, M.
AU - Pestel, V.
AU - Piattelli, P.
AU - Pieterse, C.
AU - Pisanti, O.
AU - Poirè, C.
AU - Popa, V.
AU - Pradier, T.
AU - Probst, I.
AU - Pulvirenti, S.
AU - Quéméner, G.
AU - Randazzo, N.
AU - Razzaque, S.
AU - Real, D.
AU - Reck, S.
AU - Riccobene, G.
AU - Romanov, A.
AU - Rovelli, A.
AU - Greus, F. Salesa
AU - Samtleben, D. F.E.
AU - Losa, A. Sánchez
AU - Sanguineti, M.
AU - Santonocito, D.
AU - Sapienza, P.
AU - Schnabel, J.
AU - Schneider, M. F.
AU - Schumann, J.
AU - Schutte, H. M.
AU - Seneca, J.
AU - Sgura, I.
AU - Shanidze, R.
AU - Sharma, A.
AU - Sinopoulou, A.
AU - Spisso, B.
AU - Spurio, M.
AU - Stavropoulos, D.
AU - Stellacci, S. M.
AU - Taiuti, M.
AU - Tayalati, Y.
AU - Thiersen, H.
AU - Tingay, S.
AU - Tsagkli, S.
AU - Tsourapis, V.
AU - Tzamariudaki, E.
AU - Tzanetatos, D.
AU - Van Elewyck, V.
AU - Vasileiadis, G.
AU - Versari, F.
AU - Vivolo, D.
AU - de Wasseige, G.
AU - Wilms, J.
AU - Wojaczyński, R.
AU - de Wolf, E.
AU - Yousfi, T.
AU - Zavatarelli, S.
AU - Zegarelli, A.
AU - Zito, D.
AU - Zornoza, J. D.
AU - Zúñiga, J.
AU - Zywucka, N.
N1 - Funding Information: The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (contract ANR-15-CE31-0020 ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Commission Européenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program) , Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) , LabEx UnivEarthS ( ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-18-IDEX-0001 ), Paris Île-de-France Region, France ; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG, FR-18-1268 ), Georgia; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany ; The General Secretariat of Research and Technology (GSRT), Greece ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) , Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca (MIUR) , PRIN 2017 program (Grant NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S ) Italy; Ministry of Higher Education Scientific Research and Professional Training, ICTP through Grant AF-13 , Morocco; Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands ; The National Science Centre, Poland ( 2015/18/E/ST2/00758 ); National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania ; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación, Investigación Universidades (MCIU) : Programa Estatal de Generación de Conocimiento (refs. PGC2018-096663-B-C41 , -A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44) (MCIU/FEDER), Generalitat Valenciana: Prometeo ( PROMETEO/2020/019 ), Grisolía (ref. GRISOLIA/2018/119) and GenT (refs. CIDEGENT/2018/034 , /2019/043, /2020/049) programs, Junta de Andalucía (ref. A-FQM-053-UGR18 ), La Caixa Foundation (ref. LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019 ), EU: MSC program (ref. 101025085 ), Spain. Funding Information: The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (contract ANR-15-CE31-0020), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commission Européenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), LabEx UnivEarthS (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-18-IDEX-0001), Paris Île-de-France Region, France; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG, FR-18-1268), Georgia; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany; The General Secretariat of Research and Technology (GSRT), Greece; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca (MIUR), PRIN 2017 program (Grant NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S) Italy; Ministry of Higher Education Scientific Research and Professional Training, ICTP through Grant AF-13, Morocco; Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; The National Science Centre, Poland (2015/18/E/ST2/00758); National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación, Investigación y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generación de Conocimiento (refs. PGC2018-096663-B-C41, -A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44) (MCIU/FEDER), Generalitat Valenciana: Prometeo (PROMETEO/2020/019), Grisolía (ref. GRISOLIA/2018/119) and GenT (refs. CIDEGENT/2018/034, /2019/043, /2020/049) programs, Junta de Andalucía (ref. A-FQM-053-UGR18), La Caixa Foundation (ref. LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019), EU: MSC program (ref. 101025085), Spain. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s)
PY - 2022/10/1
Y1 - 2022/10/1
N2 - The KM3NeT Collaboration is currently constructing a multi-site high-energy neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea consisting of matrices of pressure-resistant glass spheres, each holding a set of 31 small-area photomultipliers. The main goals of the telescope are the observation of neutrino sources in the Universe and the measurement of the neutrino oscillation parameters with atmospheric neutrinos. A relative time synchronisation between photomultipliers of the nanosecond order needed to guarantee the required angular resolution of the detector. Due to the large detector volumes to be instrumented by KM3NeT, a cost reduction of the different systems is a priority. To this end, the inexpensive Nanobeacon has been designed and developed by the KM3NeT Collaboration to be used for detector time-calibration studies. At present, more than 600 Nanobeacons have been already produced. The characterisation of the optical pulse and the wavelength emission profile of the devices is critical for the time calibration. The optical pulse rise time has been quantified as less than 3 ns, while the Full Width Half Maximum is less than 6 ns. The wavelength drift, due to a variation of the supply voltage, has also been qualified as lower than 10 nm for the full range of the Nanobeacon. In this paper, more details about the main features of the Nanobeacon design, production and operation, together with the main properties of the light pulse generated are described.
AB - The KM3NeT Collaboration is currently constructing a multi-site high-energy neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea consisting of matrices of pressure-resistant glass spheres, each holding a set of 31 small-area photomultipliers. The main goals of the telescope are the observation of neutrino sources in the Universe and the measurement of the neutrino oscillation parameters with atmospheric neutrinos. A relative time synchronisation between photomultipliers of the nanosecond order needed to guarantee the required angular resolution of the detector. Due to the large detector volumes to be instrumented by KM3NeT, a cost reduction of the different systems is a priority. To this end, the inexpensive Nanobeacon has been designed and developed by the KM3NeT Collaboration to be used for detector time-calibration studies. At present, more than 600 Nanobeacons have been already produced. The characterisation of the optical pulse and the wavelength emission profile of the devices is critical for the time calibration. The optical pulse rise time has been quantified as less than 3 ns, while the Full Width Half Maximum is less than 6 ns. The wavelength drift, due to a variation of the supply voltage, has also been qualified as lower than 10 nm for the full range of the Nanobeacon. In this paper, more details about the main features of the Nanobeacon design, production and operation, together with the main properties of the light pulse generated are described.
KW - Instrumentation
KW - Neutrino telescopes
KW - Time calibration
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85134878467&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.nima.2022.167132
DO - 10.1016/j.nima.2022.167132
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85134878467
SN - 0168-9002
VL - 1040
JO - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
JF - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
M1 - 167132
ER -