Receiver design for the REACH global 21-cm signal experiment

Ian L.V. Roque; Nima Razavi-Ghods; Steven H. Carey; John A. Ely; Will Handley; Alessio Magro; Riccardo Chiello; Tian Huang; P. Alexander; D. Anstey; G. Bernardi; H. T.J. Bevins; J. Cavillot; W. Croukamp; J. Cumner; E. de Lera Acedo; D. I.L. de Villiers; A. Fialkov; T. Gessey-Jones; Q. Gueuning; A. T. Josaitis; G. Kulkarni; S. A.K. Leeney; R. Maiolino; P. D. Meerburg; S. Mittal; M. Pagano; S. Pegwal; C. Pieterse; J. R. Pritchard; A. Saxena; K. H. Scheutwinkel; P. Scott; E. Shen; P. H. Sims; O. Smirnov; M. Spinelli; K. Zarb-Adami

doi:10.1007/s10686-024-09975-3

Receiver design for the REACH global 21-cm signal experiment

Ian L.V. Roque^*
, Nima Razavi-Ghods
, Steven H. Carey
, John A. Ely
, Will Handley
, Alessio Magro
, Riccardo Chiello
, Tian Huang
, P. Alexander
, D. Anstey
, G. Bernardi
, H. T.J. Bevins
, J. Cavillot
, W. Croukamp
, J. Cumner
, E. de Lera Acedo
, D. I.L. de Villiers
, A. Fialkov
, T. Gessey-Jones
, Q. Gueuning

A. T. Josaitis, G. Kulkarni, S. A.K. Leeney, R. Maiolino, P. D. Meerburg, S. Mittal, M. Pagano, S. Pegwal, C. Pieterse, J. R. Pritchard, A. Saxena, K. H. Scheutwinkel, P. Scott, E. Shen, P. H. Sims, O. Smirnov, M. Spinelli, K. Zarb-Adami

^*Corresponding author for this work

Cosmic Frontier

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

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Abstract

We detail the REACH radiometric system designed to enable measurements of the 21-cm neutral hydrogen line. Included is the radiometer architecture and end-to-end system simulations as well as a discussion of the challenges intrinsic to highly-calibratable system development. Following this, we share laboratory results based on the calculation of noise wave parameters utilising an over-constrained least squares approach. For five hours of integration on a custom-made source with comparable impedance to that of the antenna used in the field, we demonstrate a calibration RMSE of 80 mK. This paper therefore documents the state of the calibrator and data analysis in December 2022 in Cambridge before shipping to South Africa.

Original language	English
Article number	7
Number of pages	30
Journal	Experimental Astronomy
Volume	59
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-024-09975-3
Publication status	Published - Feb-2025

Keywords

Calibration
Cosmology
Dark ages
Instrumentation
Radiometer
Reionisation

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Roque, I. L. V., Razavi-Ghods, N., Carey, S. H., Ely, J. A., Handley, W., Magro, A., Chiello, R., Huang, T., Alexander, P., Anstey, D., Bernardi, G., Bevins, H. T. J., Cavillot, J., Croukamp, W., Cumner, J., de Lera Acedo, E., de Villiers, D. I. L., Fialkov, A., Gessey-Jones, T., ... Zarb-Adami, K. (2025). Receiver design for the REACH global 21-cm signal experiment. Experimental Astronomy, 59(1), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-024-09975-3

@article{55c8db1e92534d07b432bc4a0b4c5f03,

title = "Receiver design for the REACH global 21-cm signal experiment",

abstract = "We detail the REACH radiometric system designed to enable measurements of the 21-cm neutral hydrogen line. Included is the radiometer architecture and end-to-end system simulations as well as a discussion of the challenges intrinsic to highly-calibratable system development. Following this, we share laboratory results based on the calculation of noise wave parameters utilising an over-constrained least squares approach. For five hours of integration on a custom-made source with comparable impedance to that of the antenna used in the field, we demonstrate a calibration RMSE of 80 mK. This paper therefore documents the state of the calibrator and data analysis in December 2022 in Cambridge before shipping to South Africa.",

keywords = "Calibration, Cosmology, Dark ages, Instrumentation, Radiometer, Reionisation",

author = "Roque, \{Ian L.V.\} and Nima Razavi-Ghods and Carey, \{Steven H.\} and Ely, \{John A.\} and Will Handley and Alessio Magro and Riccardo Chiello and Tian Huang and P. Alexander and D. Anstey and G. Bernardi and Bevins, \{H. T.J.\} and J. Cavillot and W. Croukamp and J. Cumner and \{de Lera Acedo\}, E. and \{de Villiers\}, \{D. I.L.\} and A. Fialkov and T. Gessey-Jones and Q. Gueuning and Josaitis, \{A. T.\} and G. Kulkarni and Leeney, \{S. A.K.\} and R. Maiolino and Meerburg, \{P. D.\} and S. Mittal and M. Pagano and S. Pegwal and C. Pieterse and Pritchard, \{J. R.\} and A. Saxena and Scheutwinkel, \{K. H.\} and P. Scott and E. Shen and Sims, \{P. H.\} and O. Smirnov and M. Spinelli and K. Zarb-Adami",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2025.",

year = "2025",

month = feb,

doi = "10.1007/s10686-024-09975-3",

language = "English",

volume = "59",

journal = "Experimental Astronomy",

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Roque, ILV, Razavi-Ghods, N, Carey, SH, Ely, JA, Handley, W, Magro, A, Chiello, R, Huang, T, Alexander, P, Anstey, D, Bernardi, G, Bevins, HTJ, Cavillot, J, Croukamp, W, Cumner, J, de Lera Acedo, E, de Villiers, DIL, Fialkov, A, Gessey-Jones, T, Gueuning, Q, Josaitis, AT, Kulkarni, G, Leeney, SAK, Maiolino, R, Meerburg, PD, Mittal, S, Pagano, M, Pegwal, S, Pieterse, C, Pritchard, JR, Saxena, A, Scheutwinkel, KH, Scott, P, Shen, E, Sims, PH, Smirnov, O, Spinelli, M & Zarb-Adami, K 2025, 'Receiver design for the REACH global 21-cm signal experiment', Experimental Astronomy, vol. 59, no. 1, 7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-024-09975-3

TY - JOUR

T1 - Receiver design for the REACH global 21-cm signal experiment

AU - Roque, Ian L.V.

AU - Razavi-Ghods, Nima

AU - Carey, Steven H.

AU - Ely, John A.

AU - Handley, Will

AU - Magro, Alessio

AU - Chiello, Riccardo

AU - Huang, Tian

AU - Alexander, P.

AU - Anstey, D.

AU - Bernardi, G.

AU - Bevins, H. T.J.

AU - Cavillot, J.

AU - Croukamp, W.

AU - Cumner, J.

AU - de Lera Acedo, E.

AU - de Villiers, D. I.L.

AU - Fialkov, A.

AU - Gessey-Jones, T.

AU - Gueuning, Q.

AU - Josaitis, A. T.

AU - Kulkarni, G.

AU - Leeney, S. A.K.

AU - Maiolino, R.

AU - Meerburg, P. D.

AU - Mittal, S.

AU - Pagano, M.

AU - Pegwal, S.

AU - Pieterse, C.

AU - Pritchard, J. R.

AU - Saxena, A.

AU - Scheutwinkel, K. H.

AU - Scott, P.

AU - Shen, E.

AU - Sims, P. H.

AU - Smirnov, O.

AU - Spinelli, M.

AU - Zarb-Adami, K.

PY - 2025/2

Y1 - 2025/2

N2 - We detail the REACH radiometric system designed to enable measurements of the 21-cm neutral hydrogen line. Included is the radiometer architecture and end-to-end system simulations as well as a discussion of the challenges intrinsic to highly-calibratable system development. Following this, we share laboratory results based on the calculation of noise wave parameters utilising an over-constrained least squares approach. For five hours of integration on a custom-made source with comparable impedance to that of the antenna used in the field, we demonstrate a calibration RMSE of 80 mK. This paper therefore documents the state of the calibrator and data analysis in December 2022 in Cambridge before shipping to South Africa.

AB - We detail the REACH radiometric system designed to enable measurements of the 21-cm neutral hydrogen line. Included is the radiometer architecture and end-to-end system simulations as well as a discussion of the challenges intrinsic to highly-calibratable system development. Following this, we share laboratory results based on the calculation of noise wave parameters utilising an over-constrained least squares approach. For five hours of integration on a custom-made source with comparable impedance to that of the antenna used in the field, we demonstrate a calibration RMSE of 80 mK. This paper therefore documents the state of the calibrator and data analysis in December 2022 in Cambridge before shipping to South Africa.

KW - Calibration

KW - Cosmology

KW - Dark ages

KW - Instrumentation

KW - Radiometer

KW - Reionisation

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85217737325

U2 - 10.1007/s10686-024-09975-3

DO - 10.1007/s10686-024-09975-3

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85217737325

SN - 0922-6435

VL - 59

JO - Experimental Astronomy

JF - Experimental Astronomy

IS - 1

M1 - 7

ER -

Receiver design for the REACH global 21-cm signal experiment

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Keywords

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