Reverse electrodialysis: evaluation of suitable electrode systems

Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a method for directly extracting electrical energy from salinity gradients, especially from sea and river water. For the commercial implementation of RED, the electrode system is a key component. In this paper, novel electrode systems for RED were compared with existing systems on safety, health, environment, technical feasibility and economics. Systems with inert DSA-type electrodes and a NaCl-HCl supporting electrolyte with the reversible Fe(2+)/Fe(3+) redox couple or the [Fe(CN)(6)](4-)/Fe(CN)(6)](3-) couple achieved the highest ranking. Improvements of the electrode system are also discussed like the use of special stable metal electrodes, graphite electrodes, other reversible redox couples, capacitive electrodes and electrolytes with carbon particles.