Speech and lexico-semantic errors during direct cortical stimulation mapping of the language-dominant hemisphere: Effects of object and action naming

OBJECTIVE: In this retrospective study, the authors aimed to establish the stereotactically defined probability distribution for speech (i.e., anarthria, speech arrest) and lexico-semantic errors (i.e., anomia) through direct cortical stimulation (DCS) by using two tasks: action naming and object naming. They also analyzed the patterns of interindividual variability in the localization of the language sites involved, and investigated whether any patient or lesion location factors were associated with greater variability. METHODS: Eighty-one Italian-speaking patients who underwent awake surgery between 2010 and 2021 for low- and high-grade gliomas in eloquent areas of the language-dominant hemisphere were entered in the analyses. The intraoperative DCS protocol included automatic speech tasks, object naming, and action naming. The position of the tags, as depicted on the intraoperative video or photograph, was transposed into Montreal Neurological Institute space. Subsequently, a 2D scatterplot and cluster analysis were performed. Associations between various clinical and radiological characteristics and the quantity of positive stimulated sites were determined by univariate analyses using binary logistic regression. Associated variables (p < 0.2) were included in stepwise multivariate logistic regression with backward elimination (p < 0.05). RESULTS: A total of 1380 cortical sites were stimulated, with a positive response in 511 cases (37%). Most anarthric errors were triggered when stimulating the left precentral gyrus, and most speech arrest errors were elicited when stimulating the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus. Anomias were found in the left inferior frontal gyrus and in the posterior part of the left temporal lobe for object naming. DCS to the left dorsal premotor cortex elicited anomic errors for action naming. Anomias were also elicited during DCS to the left posterior temporal lobe, with both object and action naming. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of speech and lexico-semantic errors is in line with the current literature. The action-naming results are new and mostly involve the dorsal premotor cortex. These findings stress the importance of maximizing the use of different language tasks during surgery, because even when looking for the same type of errors, different tasks may be better suited to map specific brain regions. DCS with action and object naming identifies more positive sites than object naming alone.