Abstract
Although recent studies have shown that immunological processes play an important role in the pathophysiology of mood disorders, immune activation may only be present in specific subgroups of patients. Our study aimed to examine whether immune activation was associated with (a) the presence of manic symptoms and (b) the onset of manic symptoms during 2 years of follow-up in depressed patients. Patients with a depressive disorder at baseline (N = 957) and healthy controls (N = 430) were selected from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Assessments included lifetime manic symptoms at baseline and two-year follow up, as well as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) at baseline. Within depressed patients, immune activation was not related to the presence or absence of lifetime manic symptoms at baseline. However, CRP levels were strongly elevated in depressed men who developed manic symptoms compared with those who did not develop manic symptoms over 2 years (P
Original language | English |
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Article number | e314 |
Number of pages | 9 |
Journal | Translational Psychiatry |
Volume | 3 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 22-Oct-2013 |
Keywords
- C-reactive protein
- depression
- immune activation
- interleukin-6
- manic symptoms
- tumor necrosis factor alpha
- C-REACTIVE PROTEIN
- BIPOLAR DISORDER
- MAJOR DEPRESSION
- SUBTHRESHOLD BIPOLARITY
- PROINFLAMMATORY MARKERS
- INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES
- NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR
- TREATMENT RESPONSE
- ANXIETY NESDA
- SLEEP