The contribution of cannabis use to the increased psychosis risk among minority ethnic groups in Europe

J. P. Selten; M. Di Forti; D. Quattrone; P. B. Jones; H. E. Jongsma; C. Gayer-Anderson; A. Szöke; P. M. Llorca; C. Arango; M. Bernardo; J. Sanjuan; J. L. Santos; M. Arrojo; I. Tarricone; D. Berardi; A. Lasalvia; S. Tosato; C. la Cascia; E. Velthorst; E. M.A. van der Ven; L. de Haan; B. P. Rutten; J. van Os; J. B. Kirkbride; C. M. Morgan; R. M. Murray; F. Termorshuizen

doi:10.1017/S0033291724001004

The contribution of cannabis use to the increased psychosis risk among minority ethnic groups in Europe

J. P. Selten^*, M. Di Forti, D. Quattrone, P. B. Jones, H. E. Jongsma, C. Gayer-Anderson, A. Szöke, P. M. Llorca, C. Arango, M. Bernardo, J. Sanjuan, J. L. Santos, M. Arrojo, I. Tarricone, D. Berardi, A. Lasalvia, S. Tosato, C. la Cascia, E. Velthorst, E. M.A. van der VenL. de Haan, B. P. Rutten, J. van Os, J. B. Kirkbride, C. M. Morgan, R. M. Murray, F. Termorshuizen

^*Corresponding author for this work

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Abstract

Background. We examined whether cannabis use contributes to the increased risk of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities in Europe.

Methods. We used data from the EU-GEI study (collected at sites in Spain, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands) on 825 first-episode patients and 1026 controls. We estimated the odds ratio (OR) of psychotic disorder for several groups of migrants compared with the local reference population, without and with adjustment for measures of cannabis use.

Results. The OR of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities, adjusted for age, sex, and recruitment area, was 1.80 (95% CI 1.39-2.33). Further adjustment of this OR for frequency of cannabis use had a minimal effect: OR = 1.81 (95% CI 1.38-2.37). The same applied to adjustment for frequency of use of high-potency cannabis. Likewise, adjustments of ORs for most sub-groups of non-western countries had a minimal effect. There were two exceptions. For the Black Caribbean group in London, after adjustment for frequency of use of high-potency cannabis the OR decreased from 2.45 (95% CI 1.25-4.79) to 1.61 (95% CI 0.74-3.51). Similarly, the OR for Surinamese and Dutch Antillean individuals in Amsterdam decreased after adjustment for daily use: from 2.57 (95% CI 1.07-6.15) to 1.67 (95% CI 0.62-4.53).

Conclusions. The contribution of cannabis use to the excess risk of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities was small. However, some evidence of an effect was found for people of Black Caribbean heritage in London and for those of Surinamese and Dutch Antillean heritage in Amsterdam.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1-10
Number of pages	10
Journal	Psychological Medicine
Early online date	9-May-2024
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724001004
Publication status	E-pub ahead of print - 9-May-2024

Keywords

aetiology
Africa
amphetamine
cannabis
Caribbean
cocaine
ethnicity
migration
pathogenesis
psychotic disorder
schizophrenia
Surinam

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Selten, J. P., Di Forti, M., Quattrone, D., Jones, P. B., Jongsma, H. E., Gayer-Anderson, C., Szöke, A., Llorca, P. M., Arango, C., Bernardo, M., Sanjuan, J., Santos, J. L., Arrojo, M., Tarricone, I., Berardi, D., Lasalvia, A., Tosato, S., la Cascia, C., Velthorst, E., ... Termorshuizen, F. (2024). The contribution of cannabis use to the increased psychosis risk among minority ethnic groups in Europe. Psychological Medicine, 1-10. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724001004

@article{8f487dca2c0c4784a6ba3cf5b22ff4ea,

title = "The contribution of cannabis use to the increased psychosis risk among minority ethnic groups in Europe",

abstract = "Background. We examined whether cannabis use contributes to the increased risk of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities in Europe. Methods. We used data from the EU-GEI study (collected at sites in Spain, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands) on 825 first-episode patients and 1026 controls. We estimated the odds ratio (OR) of psychotic disorder for several groups of migrants compared with the local reference population, without and with adjustment for measures of cannabis use. Results. The OR of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities, adjusted for age, sex, and recruitment area, was 1.80 (95% CI 1.39-2.33). Further adjustment of this OR for frequency of cannabis use had a minimal effect: OR = 1.81 (95% CI 1.38-2.37). The same applied to adjustment for frequency of use of high-potency cannabis. Likewise, adjustments of ORs for most sub-groups of non-western countries had a minimal effect. There were two exceptions. For the Black Caribbean group in London, after adjustment for frequency of use of high-potency cannabis the OR decreased from 2.45 (95% CI 1.25-4.79) to 1.61 (95% CI 0.74-3.51). Similarly, the OR for Surinamese and Dutch Antillean individuals in Amsterdam decreased after adjustment for daily use: from 2.57 (95% CI 1.07-6.15) to 1.67 (95% CI 0.62-4.53). Conclusions. The contribution of cannabis use to the excess risk of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities was small. However, some evidence of an effect was found for people of Black Caribbean heritage in London and for those of Surinamese and Dutch Antillean heritage in Amsterdam.",

keywords = "aetiology, Africa, amphetamine, cannabis, Caribbean, cocaine, ethnicity, migration, pathogenesis, psychotic disorder, schizophrenia, Surinam",

author = "Selten, {J. P.} and {Di Forti}, M. and D. Quattrone and Jones, {P. B.} and Jongsma, {H. E.} and C. Gayer-Anderson and A. Sz{\"o}ke and Llorca, {P. M.} and C. Arango and M. Bernardo and J. Sanjuan and Santos, {J. L.} and M. Arrojo and I. Tarricone and D. Berardi and A. Lasalvia and S. Tosato and {la Cascia}, C. and E. Velthorst and {van der Ven}, {E. M.A.} and {de Haan}, L. and Rutten, {B. P.} and {van Os}, J. and Kirkbride, {J. B.} and Morgan, {C. M.} and Murray, {R. M.} and F. Termorshuizen",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s), 2024.",

year = "2024",

month = may,

day = "9",

doi = "10.1017/S0033291724001004",

language = "English",

pages = "1--10",

journal = "Psychological Medicine",

issn = "0033-2917",

publisher = "Cambridge University Press",

}

Selten, JP, Di Forti, M, Quattrone, D, Jones, PB, Jongsma, HE, Gayer-Anderson, C, Szöke, A, Llorca, PM, Arango, C, Bernardo, M, Sanjuan, J, Santos, JL, Arrojo, M, Tarricone, I, Berardi, D, Lasalvia, A, Tosato, S, la Cascia, C, Velthorst, E, van der Ven, EMA, de Haan, L, Rutten, BP, van Os, J, Kirkbride, JB, Morgan, CM, Murray, RM & Termorshuizen, F 2024, 'The contribution of cannabis use to the increased psychosis risk among minority ethnic groups in Europe', Psychological Medicine, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724001004

TY - JOUR

T1 - The contribution of cannabis use to the increased psychosis risk among minority ethnic groups in Europe

AU - Selten, J. P.

AU - Di Forti, M.

AU - Quattrone, D.

AU - Jones, P. B.

AU - Jongsma, H. E.

AU - Gayer-Anderson, C.

AU - Szöke, A.

AU - Llorca, P. M.

AU - Arango, C.

AU - Bernardo, M.

AU - Sanjuan, J.

AU - Santos, J. L.

AU - Arrojo, M.

AU - Tarricone, I.

AU - Berardi, D.

AU - Lasalvia, A.

AU - Tosato, S.

AU - la Cascia, C.

AU - Velthorst, E.

AU - van der Ven, E. M.A.

AU - de Haan, L.

AU - Rutten, B. P.

AU - van Os, J.

AU - Kirkbride, J. B.

AU - Morgan, C. M.

AU - Murray, R. M.

AU - Termorshuizen, F.

PY - 2024/5/9

Y1 - 2024/5/9

N2 - Background. We examined whether cannabis use contributes to the increased risk of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities in Europe. Methods. We used data from the EU-GEI study (collected at sites in Spain, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands) on 825 first-episode patients and 1026 controls. We estimated the odds ratio (OR) of psychotic disorder for several groups of migrants compared with the local reference population, without and with adjustment for measures of cannabis use. Results. The OR of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities, adjusted for age, sex, and recruitment area, was 1.80 (95% CI 1.39-2.33). Further adjustment of this OR for frequency of cannabis use had a minimal effect: OR = 1.81 (95% CI 1.38-2.37). The same applied to adjustment for frequency of use of high-potency cannabis. Likewise, adjustments of ORs for most sub-groups of non-western countries had a minimal effect. There were two exceptions. For the Black Caribbean group in London, after adjustment for frequency of use of high-potency cannabis the OR decreased from 2.45 (95% CI 1.25-4.79) to 1.61 (95% CI 0.74-3.51). Similarly, the OR for Surinamese and Dutch Antillean individuals in Amsterdam decreased after adjustment for daily use: from 2.57 (95% CI 1.07-6.15) to 1.67 (95% CI 0.62-4.53). Conclusions. The contribution of cannabis use to the excess risk of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities was small. However, some evidence of an effect was found for people of Black Caribbean heritage in London and for those of Surinamese and Dutch Antillean heritage in Amsterdam.

AB - Background. We examined whether cannabis use contributes to the increased risk of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities in Europe. Methods. We used data from the EU-GEI study (collected at sites in Spain, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands) on 825 first-episode patients and 1026 controls. We estimated the odds ratio (OR) of psychotic disorder for several groups of migrants compared with the local reference population, without and with adjustment for measures of cannabis use. Results. The OR of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities, adjusted for age, sex, and recruitment area, was 1.80 (95% CI 1.39-2.33). Further adjustment of this OR for frequency of cannabis use had a minimal effect: OR = 1.81 (95% CI 1.38-2.37). The same applied to adjustment for frequency of use of high-potency cannabis. Likewise, adjustments of ORs for most sub-groups of non-western countries had a minimal effect. There were two exceptions. For the Black Caribbean group in London, after adjustment for frequency of use of high-potency cannabis the OR decreased from 2.45 (95% CI 1.25-4.79) to 1.61 (95% CI 0.74-3.51). Similarly, the OR for Surinamese and Dutch Antillean individuals in Amsterdam decreased after adjustment for daily use: from 2.57 (95% CI 1.07-6.15) to 1.67 (95% CI 0.62-4.53). Conclusions. The contribution of cannabis use to the excess risk of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities was small. However, some evidence of an effect was found for people of Black Caribbean heritage in London and for those of Surinamese and Dutch Antillean heritage in Amsterdam.

KW - aetiology

KW - Africa

KW - amphetamine

KW - cannabis

KW - Caribbean

KW - cocaine

KW - ethnicity

KW - migration

KW - pathogenesis

KW - psychotic disorder

KW - schizophrenia

KW - Surinam

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85193377230&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1017/S0033291724001004

DO - 10.1017/S0033291724001004

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85193377230

SN - 0033-2917

SP - 1

EP - 10

JO - Psychological Medicine

JF - Psychological Medicine

ER -

The contribution of cannabis use to the increased psychosis risk among minority ethnic groups in Europe

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