The use of ancient genomes to unveil the evolutionary history and social implications of Atlantic walruses hunting during the last 5000 years in the Arctic

The Arctic is undergoing rapid changes due to climate change, resource exploitation, and globalization, affecting its people, animals, and ecosystems. Historically, research has been divided between the Natural Sciences and the Social Sciences, hindering a holistic understanding. This thesis addresses the significant gap in knowledge regarding the Atlantic walrus, a key species in Arctic history, by examining its genetic history and the human-walrus-environment interactions over time. The study explores four main questions: the genetic history of the Atlantic walrus, historical hunting strategies, the extent of early commercial exploitation, and the potential for more integrated and ethical research approaches in the Arctic. The research is structured into five chapters, with four focusing on specific case studies. These chapters explore the impact of climatic events and human activities on walrus populations, the consequences of historical hunting practices, the role of walrus ivory in medieval trade, and the need for more inclusive research methodologies that engage local communities. The thesis contributes to understanding the walrus's role in the Arctic ecosystem, the human cultural history of the Arctic, and provides insights for future conservation efforts. It also emphasizes the importance of ethical and transdisciplinary research approaches, suggesting that the framework used in this study could be applied to other species or ecosystems facing similar challenges.