Understanding resilience in ethnic tourism communities: the experiences of Miao villages in Hunan Province, China

Ethnic tourism is being advocated in China to assist regional development and poverty alleviation. However, the arrival of tourism developers who are largely external to local communities has led to changes in economic and governance arrangements at the local level. To understand how local communities are impacted and how they respond to and potentially recover from these changes, we examined Miao (Hmong) villages in Hunan Province, China. We consider how Chinese ethnic communities can simultaneously be vulnerable and yet still display resilience when they are exposed to tourism-induced structural changes that disempower them. We found that ethnic tourism created opportunities for knowledge sharing, which facilitated family businesses and skill enhancement. However, lack of local capital created dependence on external developers, and tourism increased the vulnerability of ethnic communities. Nevertheless, local people developed coping strategies to address the long-term economic and governance changes induced by tourism, despite also experiencing increasing disempowerment and vulnerability. We show that, even with top-down tourism governance models that are typically associated with the marginalization of local communities, everyday economic life was characterized by hybridity–simultaneous resilience and susceptibility, empowerment and disempowerment, and self-organization and dependency.