A biotechnological overview of syngas fermentation

Syngas is produced through thermochemical conversion from different types of wastes and is considered an energy vector for a sustainable energy future. The use of gas-fermenting microorganisms is a key factor in the ex situ fermentation of syngas to ensure a compatible concentration for the natural gas grid. Methanogenic archaea grow on syngas (CO, CO2, and H2) using four different pathways: carboxidotrophic, hydrogenotrophic, methylotrophic, and acetoclastic pathways. This chapter describes the biotechnological substratum of syngas fermentation by methanogenic species and overviews the engineering aspects related to syngas fermentation challenges (biochemistry and bioreactor design).