Automatic two-dimensional & three-dimensional video analysis with deep learning for movement disorders: A systematic review

The advent of computer vision technology and increased usage of video cameras in clinical settings have facilitated advancements in movement disorder analysis. This review investigated these advancements in terms of providing practical, low-cost solutions for the diagnosis and analysis of movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, ataxia, dyskinesia, and Tourette syndrome. Traditional diagnostic methods for movement disorders are typically reliant on the subjective assessment of motor symptoms, which poses inherent challenges. Furthermore, early symptoms are often overlooked, and overlapping symptoms across diseases can complicate early diagnosis. Consequently, deep learning has been used for the objective video-based analysis of movement disorders. This study systematically reviewed the latest advancements in automatic two-dimensional & three-dimensional video analysis using deep learning for movement disorders. We comprehensively analyzed the literature published until September 2023 by searching the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases. We identified 68 relevant studies and extracted information on their objectives, datasets, modalities, and methodologies. The study aimed to identify, catalogue, and present the most significant advancements, offering a consolidated knowledge base on the role of video analysis and deep learning in movement disorder analysis. First, the objectives, including specific PD symptom quantification, ataxia assessment, cerebral palsy assessment, gait disorder analysis, tremor assessment, tic detection (in the context of Tourette syndrome), dystonia assessment, and abnormal movement recognition were discussed. Thereafter, the datasets used in the study were examined. Subsequently, video modalities and deep learning methodologies related to the topic were investigated. Finally, the challenges and opportunities in terms of datasets, interpretability, evaluation methods, and home/remote monitoring were discussed.