TY - JOUR
T1 - Characterizing neuroanatomic heterogeneity in people with and without ADHD based on subcortical brain volumes
AU - The ENIGMA-ADHD Working Group
AU - Li, Ting
AU - van Rooij, Daan
AU - Roth Mota, Nina
AU - Buitelaar, Jan K.
AU - Hoogman, Martine
AU - Arias Vasquez, Alejandro
AU - Franke, Barbara
AU - Ambrosino, Sara
AU - Banaschewski, Tobias
AU - Bandeira, Cibele E.
AU - Bau, Claiton H.D.
AU - Baumeister, Sarah
AU - Baur-Streubel, Ramona
AU - Bellgrove, Mark A.
AU - Biederman, Joseph
AU - Bralten, Janita
AU - Bramati, Ivanei E.
AU - Brandeis, Daniel
AU - Berm, Silvia
AU - Busatto, Geraldo F.
AU - Calvo, Anna
AU - Castellanos, Francisco X.
AU - Cercignani, Mara
AU - Chantiluke, Kaylita C.
AU - Christakou, Anastasia
AU - Coghill, David
AU - Conzelmann, Annette
AU - Cubillo, Ana I.
AU - Cupertino, Renata B.
AU - de Zeeuw, Parick
AU - Durston, Sarah
AU - Earl, Eric A.
AU - Epstein, Jeffery N.
AU - Ethofer, Thomas
AU - Fallgatter, Andreas J.
AU - Fair, Damien A.
AU - Faraone, Stephen V.
AU - Frodl, Thomas
AU - Gabel, Matt C.
AU - Gogberashvili, Tinatin
AU - Grevet, Eugenio H.
AU - Haavik, Jan
AU - Hartman, Catharina A.
AU - Heslenfeld, Dirk J.
AU - Hoekstra, Pieter J.
AU - Høvik, Marie F.
AU - Jahanshad, Neda
AU - Kardatzki, Bernd
AU - Schweren, Lizanne J.S.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.
PY - 2021/9
Y1 - 2021/9
N2 - Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder. Neuroanatomic heterogeneity limits our understanding of ADHD’s etiology. This study aimed to parse heterogeneity of ADHD and to determine whether patient subgroups could be discerned based on subcortical brain volumes.Methods: Using the large ENIGMA-ADHD Working Group dataset, four subsamples of 993 boys with and without ADHD and to subsamples of 653 adult men, 400 girls, and 447 women were included in analyses. We applied exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to seven subcortical volumes in order to constrain the complexity of the input variables and ensure more stable clustering results. Factor scores derived from the EFA were used to build networks. A community detection (CD) algorithm clustered participants into subgroups based on the networks.Results: Exploratory factor analysis revealed three factors (basal ganglia, limbic system, and thalamus) in boys and men with and without ADHD. Factor structures for girls and women differed from those in males. Given sample size considerations, we concentrated subsequent analyses on males. Male participants could be separated into four communities, of which one was absent in healthy men. Significant case–control differences of subcortical volumes were observed within communities in boys, often with stronger effect sizes compared to the entire sample. As in the entire sample, none were observed in men. Affected men in two of the communities presented comorbidities more frequently than those in other communities. There were no significant differences in ADHD symptom severity, IQ, and medication use between communities in either boys or men.Conclusions: Our results indicate that neuroanatomic heterogeneity in subcortical volumes exists, irrespective of ADHD diagnosis. Effect sizes of case–control differences appear more pronounced at least in some of the subgroups.
AB - Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder. Neuroanatomic heterogeneity limits our understanding of ADHD’s etiology. This study aimed to parse heterogeneity of ADHD and to determine whether patient subgroups could be discerned based on subcortical brain volumes.Methods: Using the large ENIGMA-ADHD Working Group dataset, four subsamples of 993 boys with and without ADHD and to subsamples of 653 adult men, 400 girls, and 447 women were included in analyses. We applied exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to seven subcortical volumes in order to constrain the complexity of the input variables and ensure more stable clustering results. Factor scores derived from the EFA were used to build networks. A community detection (CD) algorithm clustered participants into subgroups based on the networks.Results: Exploratory factor analysis revealed three factors (basal ganglia, limbic system, and thalamus) in boys and men with and without ADHD. Factor structures for girls and women differed from those in males. Given sample size considerations, we concentrated subsequent analyses on males. Male participants could be separated into four communities, of which one was absent in healthy men. Significant case–control differences of subcortical volumes were observed within communities in boys, often with stronger effect sizes compared to the entire sample. As in the entire sample, none were observed in men. Affected men in two of the communities presented comorbidities more frequently than those in other communities. There were no significant differences in ADHD symptom severity, IQ, and medication use between communities in either boys or men.Conclusions: Our results indicate that neuroanatomic heterogeneity in subcortical volumes exists, irrespective of ADHD diagnosis. Effect sizes of case–control differences appear more pronounced at least in some of the subgroups.
KW - ADHD
KW - community detection
KW - effect sizes
KW - neuroanatomic heterogeneity
KW - subcortical volume
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85103418959&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1111/jcpp.13384
DO - 10.1111/jcpp.13384
M3 - Article
C2 - 33786843
AN - SCOPUS:85103418959
SN - 0021-9630
VL - 62
SP - 1140
EP - 1149
JO - Journal of child psychology and psychiatry and allied disciplines
JF - Journal of child psychology and psychiatry and allied disciplines
IS - 9
ER -