Conclusion: Whither differentiated (dis)integration in a ‘post-Brexit-era’?

This conclusion presents some closing thoughts on the concepts covered in the preceding chapters of this book. The book draws on the established ‘forward gear’ conceptual and empirical tools to determine the broad outlines of a framework to account for de-Europeanization. It explores the level of member states focusing on the ramifications of the Brexit process on Sweden, with a view to the Economic and Monetary Union and the Swedish stance towards membership in the European Banking Union. The book demonstrates that differentiation can be the result of both integration and disintegration processes in the European Union (EU). It also demonstrates that differentiated disintegration is a far more persistent feature of regional integration than one might intuitively assume. The book shows that much of the existing literature on differentiated integration has focused on the supply-side of differentiation, and that only little attention has been paid to the demand for differentiated integration.