Dual-mechanism surface tension model for SPH-based simulation

We present an innovative Lagrangian dual-mechanism model for simulating versatile surface tension phenomena, designed to replicate the intricate interplay of liquids with textured solid surfaces and the emergence of gas bubbles. This model synergistically merges the influence of inter-particle dynamics with global surface curvature, ensuring a harmonious balance between the intricacies of fluid motion and the imperative of surface area reduction. A cornerstone of our methodology is the incorporation of Laplace pressure differentials across fluid boundaries, enhancing interface stability and enabling the depiction of distinctive droplet oscillations driven by fluctuations in kinetic energy. Additionally, our model introduces a dual-scale smoothing kernel, meticulously engineered to resolve the subtle nuances of surface textures. The prowess of our model is exemplified in its ability to simulate superhydrophobic behaviors, underscoring its utility. Integrated within the smoothed particle hydrodynamics framework, our model offers efficient simulation performance, contributing a valuable tool to the field of fluid simulation.