TY - JOUR
T1 - Neurobiology and neuroimmunology of Tourette's syndrome
T2 - an update
AU - Hoekstra, PJ
AU - Anderson, GM
AU - Limburg, PC
AU - Korf, J
AU - Kallenberg, CGM
AU - Minderaa, RB
PY - 2004/4
Y1 - 2004/4
N2 - Tourette's syndrome is a childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by the presence of both multiple motor and vocal tics. While the pathogenesis at a molecular and cellular level remains unknown, structural and functional neuroimaging studies point to the involvement of the basal ganglia and related cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits as the neuroanatomical site for Tourette's syndrome. Moreover, Tourette's syndrome has a strong genetic component, and considerable progress has been made in understanding the mode of transmission and in identifying potential genomic loci. Summaries of recent findings in these areas will be reviewed, followed by a critical overview of findings both supporting and challenging the proposed autoimmune hypothesis of Tourette's syndrome. We conclude that Tourette's syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder, and that immune factors may indeed be involved in some patients.
AB - Tourette's syndrome is a childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by the presence of both multiple motor and vocal tics. While the pathogenesis at a molecular and cellular level remains unknown, structural and functional neuroimaging studies point to the involvement of the basal ganglia and related cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits as the neuroanatomical site for Tourette's syndrome. Moreover, Tourette's syndrome has a strong genetic component, and considerable progress has been made in understanding the mode of transmission and in identifying potential genomic loci. Summaries of recent findings in these areas will be reviewed, followed by a critical overview of findings both supporting and challenging the proposed autoimmune hypothesis of Tourette's syndrome. We conclude that Tourette's syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder, and that immune factors may indeed be involved in some patients.
KW - tic disorders
KW - magnetic resonance imaging
KW - emission-computed tomography
KW - dopamine
KW - genetics
KW - streptococcal infections
KW - autoantibodies
KW - autoimmunity
KW - OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
KW - AUTOIMMUNE NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
KW - DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
KW - BASAL GANGLIA VOLUMES
KW - AUTOSOMAL-DOMINANT TRANSMISSION
KW - COMPLEX SEGREGATION ANALYSIS
KW - CORPUS-CALLOSUM MORPHOLOGY
KW - MAGNETIC-RESONANCE IMAGES
KW - LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN D8/17
KW - CHRONIC TIC DISORDER
U2 - 10.1007/s00018-003-3320-4
DO - 10.1007/s00018-003-3320-4
M3 - Review article
SN - 1420-9071
VL - 61
SP - 886
EP - 898
JO - Cellular and molecular life sciences
JF - Cellular and molecular life sciences
IS - 7-8
ER -