Relational Rhythms: Investigating Longitudinal Advice Networks of a Leadership Team During Reform

This study addressed the limited research on advice networks in educational reform by examining structural, relational, and cognitive factors that shape the formation of advice relationships within a districtwide leadership team in the United States. Using stochastic actor-oriented modeling, we investigated a longitudinal set of leadership data at four points in time in one public school district in California during its reform process. Hierarchical triadic structures consistently played a key role in advice relationships. Close friendships and self-efficacy were significant factors throughout the reform. Leaders preferred advice within their workplace level (homophily), but cross-level ties were critical during the reform’s middle phase. This study underscores the importance of fostering both within-level and cross-level advice-seeking relationships, making advice sources visible, and leveraging experienced leaders to guide colleagues, thereby enhancing self-efficacy and supporting cohesive reform efforts.