Sleep, event appraisal, and affect: An ecological momentary assessment study

Background
Appraisal theory posits that emotions result from cognitive appraisals of events and situations. Experimental work suggests that sleep influences cognitive processes and event appraisal, which the present study examines in real life. Poor sleep influences brain regions involved in the appraisal-to-emotion process, and tired participants showed more conservative appraisal and reported less positive and more negative affect. In the present study, we tested whether sleep duration and/or quality predicted more pleasant event appraisal and whether sleep moderated the association between event appraisal and affect.

Methods
Participants (N = 892) from the general Dutch population reported thrice daily on event appraisal and various emotions for 30 days and once daily on sleep duration and quality. We constructed multilevel models to account for the nested structure of our data (observations within participants).

Results
Multilevel regression analyses showed that on days when participants reported having slept longer and better than their average, their event appraisal was more positive. Subjective sleep duration and quality did not influence the relationship between event appraisal and affect. Hence, poor sleep predicted changes in cognitive functioning, as more people appraised situations as unpleasant.

Limitations
We measured subjective sleep duration and quality with two single items and focused on only pleasantness dimension of event appraisal.

Conclusions
Results match perspectives on emotions as multicomponent systems involving appraisal processes. Understanding the elements of event appraisal may help unravel the detrimental effects of poor sleep on mental health and well-being.