TY - JOUR
T1 - The perception of time is slowed in response to exercise, an effect not further compounded by competitors
T2 - behavioral implications for exercise and health
AU - Edwards, Andrew Mark
AU - Menting, Stein Gerrit Paul
AU - Elferink-Gemser, Marije Titia
AU - Hettinga, Florentina Johanna
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 The Authors. Brain and Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
PY - 2024/4
Y1 - 2024/4
N2 - Introduction: The theory of relativity postulates that time is relative to context and exercise seems such a situation. The purpose of this study was to examine whether situational factors such as perceived exertion and the introduction of an opponent influence competitors’ perception of time. Methods: Thirty-three recreationally active adults (F = 16; M = 17) performed three standardized 4-km cycling trials in a randomized order. Velotron 3D software was used to create a visual, virtual environment representing (1) a solo time trial (FAM and SO), (2) a time trial with a passive opponent avatar (PO), and (3) a time trial with an opponent avatar and participant instruction to actively finish the trial before the opponent (AO). Participants were asked to estimate a 30-s time period using a standardized protocol for reproducibility before exercise at 500 m, 1500 m, 2500 m, and post exercise. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was measured throughout the trials. Results: Exercise trials revealed that time was perceived to run “slow” compared to chronological time during exercise compared to resting and post-exercise measurements (p < 0.001). There was no difference between exercise conditions (SO, PO, and AO) or time points (500 m, 1500 m, and 2500 m). RPE increased throughout the trials. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate for the first time that exercise both with and without the influence of opponents influences time perception. This finding has important implications for healthy exercise choices and also for optimal performance. Independent of RPE, time was perceived to move slower during exercise, underpinning inaccurate pacing and decision-making across physical activities.
AB - Introduction: The theory of relativity postulates that time is relative to context and exercise seems such a situation. The purpose of this study was to examine whether situational factors such as perceived exertion and the introduction of an opponent influence competitors’ perception of time. Methods: Thirty-three recreationally active adults (F = 16; M = 17) performed three standardized 4-km cycling trials in a randomized order. Velotron 3D software was used to create a visual, virtual environment representing (1) a solo time trial (FAM and SO), (2) a time trial with a passive opponent avatar (PO), and (3) a time trial with an opponent avatar and participant instruction to actively finish the trial before the opponent (AO). Participants were asked to estimate a 30-s time period using a standardized protocol for reproducibility before exercise at 500 m, 1500 m, 2500 m, and post exercise. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was measured throughout the trials. Results: Exercise trials revealed that time was perceived to run “slow” compared to chronological time during exercise compared to resting and post-exercise measurements (p < 0.001). There was no difference between exercise conditions (SO, PO, and AO) or time points (500 m, 1500 m, and 2500 m). RPE increased throughout the trials. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate for the first time that exercise both with and without the influence of opponents influences time perception. This finding has important implications for healthy exercise choices and also for optimal performance. Independent of RPE, time was perceived to move slower during exercise, underpinning inaccurate pacing and decision-making across physical activities.
KW - competition
KW - exercise-behavior
KW - pacing
KW - self-regulation
KW - time perception
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85189207273&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/brb3.3471
DO - 10.1002/brb3.3471
M3 - Article
C2 - 38558543
AN - SCOPUS:85189207273
SN - 2157-9032
VL - 14
JO - Brain and Behavior
JF - Brain and Behavior
IS - 4
M1 - e3471
ER -