Variations in H2O+/H2O ratios toward massive star-forming regions

F. Wyrowski; F. van der Tak; F. Herpin; A. Baudry; S. Bontemps; L. Chavarria; W. Frieswijk; T. Jacq; M. Marseille; R. Shipman; E. F. van Dishoeck; A. O. Benz; P. Caselli; M. R. Hogerheijde; D. Johnstone; R. Liseau; R. Bachiller; M. Benedettini; E. Bergin; P. Bjerkeli; G. Blake; J. Braine; S. Bruderer; J. Cernicharo; C. Codella; F. Daniel; A. M. di Giorgio; C. Dominik; S. D. Doty; P. Encrenaz; M. Fich; A. Fuente; T. Giannini; J. R. Goicoechea; Th de Graauw; F. Helmich; G. J. Herczeg; J. K. Jørgensen; L. E. Kristensen; B. Larsson; D. Lis; C. McCoey; G. Melnick; B. Nisini; M. Olberg; B. Parise; J. C. Pearson; R. Plume; C. Risacher; J. Santiago; P. Saraceno; M. Tafalla; T. A. van Kempen; R. Visser; S. Wampfler; U. A. Yıldız; J. H. Black; E. Falgarone; M. Gerin; P. Roelfsema; P. Dieleman; D. Beintema; A. de Jonge; N. Whyborn; J. Stutzki; V. Ossenkopf

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015110

Variations in H2O+/H2O ratios toward massive star-forming regions

F. Wyrowski^*, F. van der Tak, F. Herpin, A. Baudry, S. Bontemps, L. Chavarria, W. Frieswijk, T. Jacq, M. Marseille, R. Shipman, E. F. van Dishoeck, A. O. Benz, P. Caselli, M. R. Hogerheijde, D. Johnstone, R. Liseau, R. Bachiller, M. Benedettini, E. Bergin, P. BjerkeliG. Blake, J. Braine, S. Bruderer, J. Cernicharo, C. Codella, F. Daniel, A. M. di Giorgio, C. Dominik, S. D. Doty, P. Encrenaz, M. Fich, A. Fuente, T. Giannini, J. R. Goicoechea, Th de Graauw, F. Helmich, G. J. Herczeg, J. K. Jørgensen, L. E. Kristensen, B. Larsson, D. Lis, C. McCoey, G. Melnick, B. Nisini, M. Olberg, B. Parise, J. C. Pearson, R. Plume, C. Risacher, J. Santiago, P. Saraceno, M. Tafalla, T. A. van Kempen, R. Visser, S. Wampfler, U. A. Yıldız, J. H. Black, E. Falgarone, M. Gerin, P. Roelfsema, P. Dieleman, D. Beintema, A. de Jonge, N. Whyborn, J. Stutzki, V. Ossenkopf

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Early results from the Herschel Space Observatory revealed the water cation H2O+ to be an abundant ingredient of the interstellar medium. Here we present new observations of the H2O and H2O+ lines at 1113.3 and 1115.2 GHz using the Herschel Space Observatory toward a sample of high-mass star-forming regions to observationally study the relation between H2O and H2O+. Nine out of ten sources show absorption from H2O+ in a range of environments: the molecular clumps surrounding the forming and newly formed massive stars, bright high-velocity outflows associated with the massive protostars, and unrelated low-density clouds along the line of sight. Column densities per velocity component of H2O+ are found in the range of 10(12) to a few 10(13) cm(-2). The highest N(H2O+) column densities are found in the outflows of the sources. The ratios of H2O+/H2O are determined in a range from 0.01 to a few and are found to differ strongly between the observed environments with much lower ratios in the massive (proto) cluster envelopes (0.01-0.1) than in outflows and diffuse clouds. Remarkably, even for source components detected in H2O in emission, H2O+ is still seen in absorption.

Originele taal-2	English
Artikelnummer	L34
Aantal pagina's	5
Tijdschrift	Astronomy & astrophysics
Volume	521
DOI's	https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201015110
Status	Published - okt.-2010

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10.1051/0004-6361/201015110

Variations in H2O+/H2O ratios toward massive star-forming regionsFinal publisher's version, 309 KBLicentie: Unspecified

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Wyrowski, F., van der Tak, F., Herpin, F., Baudry, A., Bontemps, S., Chavarria, L., Frieswijk, W., Jacq, T., Marseille, M., Shipman, R., van Dishoeck, E. F., Benz, A. O., Caselli, P., Hogerheijde, M. R., Johnstone, D., Liseau, R., Bachiller, R., Benedettini, M., Bergin, E., ... Ossenkopf, V. (2010). Variations in H2O+/H2O ratios toward massive star-forming regions. Astronomy & astrophysics, 521, [L34]. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201015110

@article{9f07071063a6485498c48dedc19d11e6,

title = "Variations in H2O+/H2O ratios toward massive star-forming regions",

abstract = "Early results from the Herschel Space Observatory revealed the water cation H2O+ to be an abundant ingredient of the interstellar medium. Here we present new observations of the H2O and H2O+ lines at 1113.3 and 1115.2 GHz using the Herschel Space Observatory toward a sample of high-mass star-forming regions to observationally study the relation between H2O and H2O+. Nine out of ten sources show absorption from H2O+ in a range of environments: the molecular clumps surrounding the forming and newly formed massive stars, bright high-velocity outflows associated with the massive protostars, and unrelated low-density clouds along the line of sight. Column densities per velocity component of H2O+ are found in the range of 10(12) to a few 10(13) cm(-2). The highest N(H2O+) column densities are found in the outflows of the sources. The ratios of H2O+/H2O are determined in a range from 0.01 to a few and are found to differ strongly between the observed environments with much lower ratios in the massive (proto) cluster envelopes (0.01-0.1) than in outflows and diffuse clouds. Remarkably, even for source components detected in H2O in emission, H2O+ is still seen in absorption.",

keywords = "ISM: clouds, ISM: molecules, submillimeter: ISM, stars: formation, LASER MAGNETIC-RESONANCE, LINE, ASTRONOMY, CHEMISTRY, SIGHT, DR21, HIFI, W51",

author = "F. Wyrowski and {van der Tak}, F. and F. Herpin and A. Baudry and S. Bontemps and L. Chavarria and W. Frieswijk and T. Jacq and M. Marseille and R. Shipman and {van Dishoeck}, {E. F.} and Benz, {A. O.} and P. Caselli and Hogerheijde, {M. R.} and D. Johnstone and R. Liseau and R. Bachiller and M. Benedettini and E. Bergin and P. Bjerkeli and G. Blake and J. Braine and S. Bruderer and J. Cernicharo and C. Codella and F. Daniel and {di Giorgio}, {A. M.} and C. Dominik and Doty, {S. D.} and P. Encrenaz and M. Fich and A. Fuente and T. Giannini and Goicoechea, {J. R.} and {de Graauw}, Th and F. Helmich and Herczeg, {G. J.} and J{\o}rgensen, {J. K.} and Kristensen, {L. E.} and B. Larsson and D. Lis and C. McCoey and G. Melnick and B. Nisini and M. Olberg and B. Parise and Pearson, {J. C.} and R. Plume and C. Risacher and J. Santiago and P. Saraceno and M. Tafalla and {van Kempen}, {T. A.} and R. Visser and S. Wampfler and Yıldız, {U. A.} and Black, {J. H.} and E. Falgarone and M. Gerin and P. Roelfsema and P. Dieleman and D. Beintema and {de Jonge}, A. and N. Whyborn and J. Stutzki and V. Ossenkopf",

note = "M1 - Journal Article",

year = "2010",

month = oct,

doi = "10.1051/0004-6361/201015110",

language = "English",

volume = "521",

journal = "Astronomy & astrophysics",

issn = "0004-6361",

publisher = " EDP Sciences",

}

Wyrowski, F, van der Tak, F, Herpin, F, Baudry, A, Bontemps, S, Chavarria, L, Frieswijk, W, Jacq, T, Marseille, M, Shipman, R, van Dishoeck, EF, Benz, AO, Caselli, P, Hogerheijde, MR, Johnstone, D, Liseau, R, Bachiller, R, Benedettini, M, Bergin, E, Bjerkeli, P, Blake, G, Braine, J, Bruderer, S, Cernicharo, J, Codella, C, Daniel, F, di Giorgio, AM, Dominik, C, Doty, SD, Encrenaz, P, Fich, M, Fuente, A, Giannini, T, Goicoechea, JR, de Graauw, T, Helmich, F, Herczeg, GJ, Jørgensen, JK, Kristensen, LE, Larsson, B, Lis, D, McCoey, C, Melnick, G, Nisini, B, Olberg, M, Parise, B, Pearson, JC, Plume, R, Risacher, C, Santiago, J, Saraceno, P, Tafalla, M, van Kempen, TA, Visser, R, Wampfler, S, Yıldız, UA, Black, JH, Falgarone, E, Gerin, M, Roelfsema, P, Dieleman, P, Beintema, D, de Jonge, A, Whyborn, N, Stutzki, J & Ossenkopf, V 2010, 'Variations in H2O+/H2O ratios toward massive star-forming regions', Astronomy & astrophysics, vol. 521, L34. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201015110

TY - JOUR

T1 - Variations in H2O+/H2O ratios toward massive star-forming regions

AU - Wyrowski, F.

AU - van der Tak, F.

AU - Herpin, F.

AU - Baudry, A.

AU - Bontemps, S.

AU - Chavarria, L.

AU - Frieswijk, W.

AU - Jacq, T.

AU - Marseille, M.

AU - Shipman, R.

AU - van Dishoeck, E. F.

AU - Benz, A. O.

AU - Caselli, P.

AU - Hogerheijde, M. R.

AU - Johnstone, D.

AU - Liseau, R.

AU - Bachiller, R.

AU - Benedettini, M.

AU - Bergin, E.

AU - Bjerkeli, P.

AU - Blake, G.

AU - Braine, J.

AU - Bruderer, S.

AU - Cernicharo, J.

AU - Codella, C.

AU - Daniel, F.

AU - di Giorgio, A. M.

AU - Dominik, C.

AU - Doty, S. D.

AU - Encrenaz, P.

AU - Fich, M.

AU - Fuente, A.

AU - Giannini, T.

AU - Goicoechea, J. R.

AU - de Graauw, Th

AU - Helmich, F.

AU - Herczeg, G. J.

AU - Jørgensen, J. K.

AU - Kristensen, L. E.

AU - Larsson, B.

AU - Lis, D.

AU - McCoey, C.

AU - Melnick, G.

AU - Nisini, B.

AU - Olberg, M.

AU - Parise, B.

AU - Pearson, J. C.

AU - Plume, R.

AU - Risacher, C.

AU - Santiago, J.

AU - Saraceno, P.

AU - Tafalla, M.

AU - van Kempen, T. A.

AU - Visser, R.

AU - Wampfler, S.

AU - Yıldız, U. A.

AU - Black, J. H.

AU - Falgarone, E.

AU - Gerin, M.

AU - Roelfsema, P.

AU - Dieleman, P.

AU - Beintema, D.

AU - de Jonge, A.

AU - Whyborn, N.

AU - Stutzki, J.

AU - Ossenkopf, V.

N1 - M1 - Journal Article

PY - 2010/10

Y1 - 2010/10

N2 - Early results from the Herschel Space Observatory revealed the water cation H2O+ to be an abundant ingredient of the interstellar medium. Here we present new observations of the H2O and H2O+ lines at 1113.3 and 1115.2 GHz using the Herschel Space Observatory toward a sample of high-mass star-forming regions to observationally study the relation between H2O and H2O+. Nine out of ten sources show absorption from H2O+ in a range of environments: the molecular clumps surrounding the forming and newly formed massive stars, bright high-velocity outflows associated with the massive protostars, and unrelated low-density clouds along the line of sight. Column densities per velocity component of H2O+ are found in the range of 10(12) to a few 10(13) cm(-2). The highest N(H2O+) column densities are found in the outflows of the sources. The ratios of H2O+/H2O are determined in a range from 0.01 to a few and are found to differ strongly between the observed environments with much lower ratios in the massive (proto) cluster envelopes (0.01-0.1) than in outflows and diffuse clouds. Remarkably, even for source components detected in H2O in emission, H2O+ is still seen in absorption.

AB - Early results from the Herschel Space Observatory revealed the water cation H2O+ to be an abundant ingredient of the interstellar medium. Here we present new observations of the H2O and H2O+ lines at 1113.3 and 1115.2 GHz using the Herschel Space Observatory toward a sample of high-mass star-forming regions to observationally study the relation between H2O and H2O+. Nine out of ten sources show absorption from H2O+ in a range of environments: the molecular clumps surrounding the forming and newly formed massive stars, bright high-velocity outflows associated with the massive protostars, and unrelated low-density clouds along the line of sight. Column densities per velocity component of H2O+ are found in the range of 10(12) to a few 10(13) cm(-2). The highest N(H2O+) column densities are found in the outflows of the sources. The ratios of H2O+/H2O are determined in a range from 0.01 to a few and are found to differ strongly between the observed environments with much lower ratios in the massive (proto) cluster envelopes (0.01-0.1) than in outflows and diffuse clouds. Remarkably, even for source components detected in H2O in emission, H2O+ is still seen in absorption.

KW - ISM: clouds

KW - ISM: molecules

KW - submillimeter: ISM

KW - stars: formation

KW - LASER MAGNETIC-RESONANCE

KW - LINE

KW - ASTRONOMY

KW - CHEMISTRY

KW - SIGHT

KW - DR21

KW - HIFI

KW - W51

U2 - 10.1051/0004-6361/201015110

DO - 10.1051/0004-6361/201015110

M3 - Article

SN - 0004-6361

VL - 521

JO - Astronomy & astrophysics

JF - Astronomy & astrophysics

M1 - L34

ER -